수동태란? - 기본부터 특수 수동태까지

Passive Voice 완전정복

Basics → Special Patterns (특수 수동태까지)

1. 수동태란?

**수동태(passive voice)**는 “행동을 하는 사람(행위자)”보다 **행동을 ‘당하는 대상’**을 문장의 주어로 올리는 표현입니다.

• Active(능동): Someone built this bridge.
• Passive(수동): This bridge was built (by someone).

✅ 느낌: “누가 했는지”보다 무엇이 어떻게 되었는지가 더 중요할 때 수동태가 자연스럽습니다.

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2. 수동태 기본 공식

✅ 핵심 공식

be + past participle (p.p.)

• The report was completed. (보고서가 완성되었다)

포인트: 수동태에서 be가 시제를 담당하고, 동사는 p.p.로 고정됩니다.

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3. 시제별 수동태 한 번에 정리

시제                                               Active                                                               Passive

 

Present	People make cars.	Cars are made.
Past	People made cars.	Cars were made.
Present Continuous	People are making cars.	Cars are being made.
Past Continuous	People were making cars.	Cars were being made.
Present Perfect	People have made cars.	Cars have been made.
Past Perfect	People had made cars.	Cars had been made.
Future	People will make cars.	Cars will be made.
Modal	People must/can make cars.	Cars must/can be made.

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4. by + 행위자(누가 했는지)는 언제 쓰나?

✅ by를 쓰는 경우

• 행위자가 중요할 때
  • The book was written by Tolkien.
• 정보 가치가 있을 때
  • The decision was made by the committee.

✅ 대부분은 생략

• My phone was stolen.
  (누가 훔쳤는지는 몰라도 됨 / 중요하지 않음)

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5. 수동태가 더 자연스러운 상황

1. 공지/리포트/문서 톤

• The policy was updated.

1. 결과(상태)가 중심일 때

• The flight was delayed.

1. 행위자를 숨기거나 모를 때

• Mistakes were made.

1. 객관적으로 말하고 싶을 때

• It was decided that…

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Special Passive Patterns (특수 수동태)

6. Get-수동태 (구어체/사건 느낌)

get + p.p. = “당했다/되어버렸다” 느낌

• He got fired. (해고당했어)
• My bag got stolen. (도난당했어)

✅ 공식문서 톤은 be-passive가 안전합니다.

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7. 전치사 수동태 (Prepositional Passive)

동사+전치사가 한 덩어리로 움직일 때 전치사가 남습니다.

• People talked about the issue.
  → The issue was talked about.
• Someone looked after the child.
  → The child was looked after.

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8. 이중목적어 수동태 (Double-object Passive)

give / send / show / offer 등은 목적어가 2개입니다.

• Active: They gave me a refund.
• Passive 1 (사람 중심): I was given a refund.
• Passive 2 (사물 중심): A refund was given to me.

✅ 실전에서는 보통 사람을 주어로 올린 문장이 더 자연스럽습니다.

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9. Reporting Passive (뉴스/리포트 수동태)

(1) It is said that…

• It is said that he is rich.

(2) He is said to…

• He is said to be rich.
• The flight is expected to depart at 7.
• The rule is believed to reduce costs.

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10. “겉은 능동, 뜻은 수동” 패턴

need / want / require + V-ing

• The car needs washing.
  = needs to be washed
• This document requires checking.
  = requires to be checked (문서톤)

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11. 사역/서비스 수동태: have/get something done

“내가 직접 한 게 아니라 시키거나 서비스 받았다”

• I had my hair cut. (미용실에서)
• We got the tickets reissued. (재발권 받았어요)

📌 업무 이메일에 매우 유용:

• We would like to have the name corrected.
• Please have the refund processed.

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12. 자주 틀리는 포인트 5개

1. 수동태 = be(시제) + p.p.
2. 진행 수동은 being 필요

• is being discussed

1. 조동사 뒤는 be + p.p.

• must be corrected

1. 자동사는 보통 수동 불가(happen/arrive 등)
2. by-phrase는 대부분 생략이 자연스러움

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Mini Practice (연습)

1. They canceled the meeting.
2. Someone stole my passport.
3. They will announce the results tomorrow.
4. They gave me a waiver code.
5. People are discussing the issue.

✅ Answers

1. The meeting was canceled.
2. My passport was stolen.
3. The results will be announced tomorrow.
4. I was given a waiver code. / A waiver code was given to me.
5. The issue is being discussed.

 

다음 글에서는 “수동태가 되려면 왜 타동사여야 하는지”를 더 깊게 다루고, 자동사라서 수동이 안 되는 동사들과 전치사 수동태처럼 예외적으로 가능한 패턴까지 표로 정리해볼게요.